00:00:02:00 -00:00:08:00 An Ocean's 14 production 00:00:18:00 -00:00:22:00 Concerning fishery, we are still in the era of hunters and gatherers. 00:00:34:00 -00:00:39:17 When fishermen sail out of port, they feel like they dominate the whole world 00:00:41:17 -00:00:43:15 regardless of the legislation you try to enforce on them. 00:00:44:00 -00:00:50:00 Of course fishermen differ, but as long as they are out in the open sea 00:00:51:00 -00:00:54:00 they make their own way battling for the catch 00:01:00:00 -00:01:17:09 Thalatta 00:01:30:00 - 00:01:36:00 The relationship of ancient Greeks and Romans with the sea has always been exploitative. 00:01:38:07 -00:01:44:17 Actually, the exploitative nature of this relationship is not restricted in antiquity. 00:01:49:13 -00:01:52:19 In ancient times, there used to be three kinds of fishermen. 00:01:52:21-00:02:00:02 There were the opportunistic fishermen that generally had another job 00:02:00:04 - 00:02:05:22 and solely caught fish in order to provide food for their families. 00:02:05:23-00:02:11:12 Also, there were the seasonal fishermen engaged in fishery periodically 00:02:11:12-00:02:16:14 while engaged in an agricultural occupation during non-fishing periods 00:02:16:15-00:02:23:20 Finally, there were the professional fishermen, who usually were not the owners of the catch. 00:02:25:04-00:02:31:20 Occasionally, they holded positions in fishery companies, exploiting a certain marine area. 00:02:31:23-00:02:37:22 They were either entitled to certain percentage of the merit, or were paid in wages. 00:02:48:04-00:02:51:23 Offshore fishery is facilitated by two main fishing gear. 00:02:51:24 -00:02:59:13 One is called trawler and the other is called seiner. 00:03:00:11 -00:03:07:23 According to the latest fishing regulation, concerning the Mediterranean Sea 00:03:08:00-00:03:15:13 the minimum permitted distance from the coast for the trawler is 1.5 miles regardless of the depth 00:03:15:20-00:03:23:05 and from 50 meters depth, up to 3 miles from the coast. 00:03:24:23 -00:03:30:12 Regarding the seiners, the minimum distance is up to 300 meters from coast 00:03:30:13 -00:03:35:13 and in depth it varies from 30 to 300 meters. 00:03:45:04 -00:03:52:16 The inshore fishery fleet consists of approximately 17.000 boats 00:03:54:23 -00:03:59:08 which mainly exploit the coastal area 00:03:59:09 -00:04:04:20 and only few of them the open sea. 00:04:06:05 -00:04:10:05 Our main fishing gear in nets, longline fishing 00:04:10:06 -00:04:14:22 and some other equipment that we are not allowed to use anymore. 00:04:15:11 -00:04:22:02 The only thing that is not banned yet is a type of fishing seiner 00:04:22:03 -00:04:26:00 but with the limitations that are imposed 00:04:26:16 -00:04:31:24 it can might as well be considered banned. 00:04:41:00 -00:04:47:24 We gather here every day to have a coffee, to exchange opinions 00:04:49:02 -00:05:01:09 but mostly, to go fishing or to take care of our boatsand the port area. 00:05:05:04 -00:05:08:21 We use many tools, from simple fishing line 00:05:10:00 -00:05:13:20 invarious kinds 00:05:14:19 -00:05:23:12 to logline with the limitation of 150 hooks per person and 300 hooks per boat. 00:05:24:23 -00:05:28:11 Nets were banned from use years ago. 00:05:29:07 -00:05:31:11 These are the ways we catch fish. 00:05:45:11 -00:05:47:02 Third Century AD. 00:05:47:03 -00:05:50:24 You can see all the fishing gear that was being used 00:05:51:00 -00:05:53:13 such as hooks and fishing rods. 00:05:53:19 -00:05:55:14 Here we have nets. 00:05:56:05 -00:05:59:10 Over here we have cast net 00:05:59:11 -00:06:01:12 And here we have fishing with pots and traps. 00:06:02:20 -00:06:07:05 If you handed any modern fishing gear to an ancient fisherman 00:06:07:06 -00:06:11:06 he would be able to use it properly and catch fish, because there haw been no significant change. 00:06:11:07 -00:06:16:05 On other hand, if you handed the latest gear to an ancient hunter, he would be unable to use it. 00:07:09:01 -00:07:13:18 We used to work with the cotton nets. 00:07:17:12 -00:07:24:21 When I was young, I used to sew the cotton nets to fix them. 00:07:25:23 -00:07:30:01 Later on, with Vasilis, we got nylon nets. 00:07:32:15 -00:07:37:22 But with those nets we only did net rigging, they couldn't be fixed in any other way. 00:07:44:12 -00:07:49:11 In the past we didn't use fishing line, we used twine. 00:07:49:12 -00:07:57:19 Also, we would take strings of hair out of horses' and donkeys' tails to make snells. 00:08:00:01 -00:08:01:21 Alternatively we used dynamite. 00:08:01:22 -00:08:05:17 There was plenty of it and we used it, since we didn't have any fishing gear. 00:08:32:22 -00:08:34:12 My father was a fisherman 00:08:34:13 -00:08:36:08 my grandfather was also a fisherman 00:08:36:09 -00:08:38:03 and this is allI know. 00:08:45:15 -00:08:47:03 We are family here. 00:08:47:04 -00:08:49:11 This is my grandson. My son is also here. 00:08:49:12 -00:08:52:12 The boy came here to help. 00:08:53:01 -00:08:55:23 His son is finding bait for fishing. 00:08:57:05 -00:09:03:03 His wife is fixing up longlines and preparing all necessary for the sail-off. 00:09:03:04 -00:09:08:10 We are from Michaniona, we are all fishermen there. 00:09:08:11 -00:09:12:00 So are my father and my grandfather, every single one. 00:09:26:18 -00:09:29:01 Dolphins are very harmful for fishermen 00:09:30:19 -00:09:33:17 Not only do they steal the caught fish 00:09:34:22 -00:09:37:12 the also damage the fish nets. 00:09:40:01 -00:09:45:23 In trying to snatch the fish they tear the nets apart. 00:09:47:06 -00:09:50:00 The tear created is a characteristic evidence of dolphins. 00:09:50:15 -00:09:54:13 If you meet dolphins you can forget your net. 00:09:56:09 -00:10:06:18 To get from the shore to our boat, we had to cross the boat next to it 00:10:06:19 -00:10:12:03 We used the side boat as a step. 00:10:13:02 -00:10:17:00 One night, coming back to the shore we found tarp covering the passage. 00:10:20:04 -00:10:22:23 I wondered why and told them to clear the passage 00:10:22:24 -00:10:24:04 but nobody moved. 00:10:24:16 -00:10:26:16 Beneath the tarp there were dead dolphins 00:10:30:18 -00:10:32:08 a load of dead dolphins. 00:10:32:09 -00:10:39:18 We don't know for what purpose. Maybe for factories, to use their fat. 00:10:46:02 -00:10:39:18 Fishermen protect the seals and the dolphins. 00:10:48:22 -00:10:53:11 We all have the same need to eat. We must co-exist, like always have. 00:10:53:20 -00:10:56:09 We cannot place out needs above theirs. 00:10:56:15 -00:11:06:00 The kinds of fish that are mainly caught are not the ones that most sea mammals feed on. 00:11:06:01 -00:11:10:05 Surely, some dolphins may feed on sardine on anchovy 00:11:11:09 -00:11:19:20 but on average, sea mammals consume kinds of fish that humans don't bother fishing. 00:11:20:23 -00:11: However, interaction between the mammals and the fishing gear is inevitable. 00:11:27:11 -00:11:31:18 Dolphins and other sea mammals have lived in the seas 00:11:31:19 -00:11:35:19 long before humans started exploiting it with all the fishing gear 00:11:35:22 -00:11:42:00 which have been only used the last five hundred or a thousand years. 00:11:42:17 -00:11:49:19 So the sea mammals are in their natural habitat. 00:11:51:04 -00:11:53:12 It's the human that intrudes and bothers them 00:12:01:05 -00:12:09:16 Up until the end of the Hellenistic period, the fishermen's social status was low. 00:12:09:24 -00:12:13:13 In other words, they were treated with contempt. 00:12:13:20 -00:12:19:23 We can see this in the works of ancient writers and even philosophers, like Plato. 00:12:19:24 -00:12:26:24 Fishery was viewed as a brutal and a low status occupation. 00:12:28:08 -00:12:33:15 Theocritus when writing on the lives of fishermen he uses the darkest shades. 00:12:33:16 -00:12:39:12 He portrays two fishermen, lean and weary, living in a shack by the sea 00:12:39:13 -00:12:45:21 having nothing but a bed made of hay and their fishing gear. 00:12:46:14 -00:12:51:23 This is probably echoing the lives of a large portion of fishermen in the ancient times. 00:13:05:07 -00:13:09:21 I am 60 years old and I have spent the last 40 years as a fisherman. 00:13:09:22 -00:13:12:00 Yet I plan on walking out on everything. 00:13:12:019 -00:13:16:23 I can no longer make ends meet and this is a big issue. 00:13:18:17 -00:13:24:11 This aged generation of professional fishermen needs young people to join the business 00:13:24:22 -00:13:27:02 yet there is no force refreshment. 00:13:27:19 -00:13:31:05 They love the fishery business but they know it is not paying off. 00:13:34:01 -00:13:39:18 There are hardly any young people in this job. 00:13:41:00 -00:13:45:12 Everybody has their eyes on the shore, to find a good position to fill. 00:13:45:24 -00:13:47:18 This job is way too harsh. 00:13:48:04 -00:13:51:15 I am a fourth generation fisherman 00:13:52:08 -00:13:57:20 My great grandfather was a sponge harvester at Kalimnos island. 00:13:59:06 -00:14:02:16 My grandfather was a fisherman at Grete. 00:14:03:21 -00:14:06:19 Then my father took on the job and now me. 00:14:11:08 -00:14:14:05 Earnings are low for those working at sea. 00:14:14:06 -00:14:17:07 It has come to a point where you have to work long hours 00:14:17:08 -00:14:21:08 night and day, under harsh weather contitions to make a living. 00:14:24:11 -00:14:28:02 When you leave home you never know when you return. 00:14:29:18 -00:14:31:22 You can never know when you return. 00:14:35:10 -00:14:38:13 While I was sailing, the speed of wind reached 10 degrees on Beaufort scale 00:14:38:14 -00:14:41:20 yet in order to get paid, I had to bring the catch back to port. 00:14:50:08 -00:14:54:22 Today I was close to shore and I placed a trap for mullet fish. 00:14:54:23 -00:15:00:18 Honestly, I only caught two fish. You can even open the fridge and look for yourselves. 00:15:01:10 -00:15:05:11 Not two kilos, but two pieces, while the fuel I used cost 30 euros. 00:15:06:00 -00:15:08:13 If there is no fuel, there is no fishing. 00:15:08:22 -00:15:12:10 I know a fisherman who can barely buy fuel and cannot afford a mobile phone. 00:15:13:02 -00:15:15:12 VHF is not usedany more by local fishermen 00:15:16:18 -00:15:29:09 due to high taxation rates and the elaborate process that is required before any installation. 00:15:31:14 -00:15:37:24 You can always use a mobile phone but if there is no credit you can't make a call. 00:15:40:04 -00:15:43:22 In case of emergency, you could only rely on fireworks and hope someone notices. 00:15:43:23 -00:15:50:07 In the eightys, we only had an egine, a mechanic winch, compasses and maps on the boat. 00:15:52:10 -00:15:56:19 Nowadays, they oblige us to buy new electronic equipment 00:15:57:11 -00:16:04:16 even though we all have mobile phones that have a good reception signal 00:16:05:11 -00:16:12:20 and we can use them to contact the port authorities if we are in need. 00:16:13:16 -00:16:17:01 There is an undoubted technological progress on the field of fishery 00:16:17:20 -00:16:23:06 either regarding the electronic systems or the new net materials. 00:16:23:15 -00:16:32:01 Of course, behind this progress there are companies involved and trial procedures taking place 00:16:32:02 -00:16:38:05 before anything new gets launched on the market with the purpose of benefiting the fishermen. 00:16:38:16 -00:16:43:08 Televisions advertize electronic equipment specialised in weather forecast. 00:16:44:12 -00:16:48:21 We strongly doubt that we need any new kind of equipment 00:16:48:22 -00:16:52:10 since, at any moment, we can use the internet for a weather forecast 00:16:52:11 -00:16:56:05 instead of waiting for a specific forecast from a nearby port. 00:16:56:05 -00:17:00:13 And yet they are forcing us to buy it. But who benefits from this? 00:17:00:13 -00:17:03:19 Truth be told, coastal and small scale fishermen have much less conveniences. 00:17:03:20 -00:17:06:04 One of the reasons is that their boats are small. 00:17:06:05 -00:17:17:00 A lot of them cannot produce sufficient amount of electricity to provide for their own needs. 00:17:18:12 -00:17:23:24 Evidently, every new electronic equipment that is introduced in fishery 00:17:24:14 -00:17:27:03 will unfortunatelly cause the rise of new issues. 00:17:27:10 -00:17:30:14 Back in the days, we were all working at sea 00:17:31:02 -00:17:33:20 the fish were plenty and nobody ever got hart. 00:17:33:21 -00:17:39:08 Yet only captains knew how to sail in the open sea and find their way back. 00:17:39:22 -00:17:45:21 A fisherman without captainship's knowledge could not sail there. 00:17:45:22 -00:17:50:21 He would probably never find his way back. 00:17:51:19 -00:17:55:04 Ever since electronic equipment was launched on the market 00:17:55:06 -00:17:59:13 and turned everyone into a "captain", fishery took a fatal blow. 00:17:59:14 -00:18:03:09 In the past you had to search carefully to find the buoy you had placed 00:18:03:10 -00:18:07:13 and nowadays you just turn on the system 00:18:10:09 -00:18:14:15 and you can findits exact location. 00:18:15:11 -00:18:17:21 Unlike before, in the case you find a spot rich of fish 00:18:19:10 -00:18:24:00 you mark it and exploit it for years, without losing it. 00:18:25:14 -00:18:30:07 All the fishing gear used both by the amateurs and the professional fishermen 00:18:31:06 -00:18:36:23 are responsible for the ongoing depletion of fish populations. 00:18:38:07 -00:18:39:10 That's the future. 00:19:28:23 -00:19:34:10 Some hundred thousands of the sea organisms and mammals die every year 00:19:34:11 -00:19:40:20 as a result of their accidental entanglement or injestion of solid or plastic waste products. 00:19:42:08 -00:19:43:08 The pollution 00:19:44:22 -00:19:46:04 the environment. 00:19:47:11 -00:19:50:16 Nobody cared about what is thrown in the sea. 00:19:52:06 -00:19:56:19 The pollution is massive and is caused by the garbage and the chemicals. 00:19:57:04 -00:20:01:18 Every river flows into the sea and the sea population begins to decrease. 00:20:01:19 -00:20:07:02 It is only natural that we'd reach to this degradation and then we strive to find a solution. 00:20:16:01 -00:20:20:12 We are noting down the expiration dates of the packages we gather 00:20:20:13 -00:20:27:23 and with great surprize we realised that 65% of the packages were recent 00:20:27:24 -00:20:34:21 meaning that the date of the gathering was prior to the expitation date of the packages. 00:20:34:22 -00:20:39:21 That is to say that right this moment as we speak 00:20:40:08 -00:20:45:07 "fresh" waste products are introduced into the marine environment. 00:20:52:10 -00:20:57:09 There is the symbolic act of "tamatium memoria" 00:20:57:10 -00:21:01:10 which is the act of the deletion of someone's memory. 00:21:08:01 -00:21:11:02 A burial place. 00:21:11:21 -00:21:14:16 I can probably say with much certainty 00:21:14:17 -00:21:17:23 that the most severe problem we face right now is overfishing. 00:21:19:08 -00:21:22:07 Not the pollution which reduces our stocks. 00:21:22:08 -00:21:27:14 Thus, we need to move towards a more rational management of our fishing fleet. 00:21:37:18 -00:21:43:08 Depending on the region we examine, the problems vary. 00:21:43:09 -00:21:46:15 At the Baltics that were brought to light 00:21:46:16 -00:21:50:09 were mainly about biodiversity pollution and eutrophication 00:21:51:09 -00:21:56:08 while for instance, in our region there is a notable problem with invasive species 00:21:56:09 -00:21:59:11 also due to the climate change. 00:21:59:17 -00:22:03:09 Subsequently, many species that entered the region through the Suez canal 00:22:03:10 -00:22:07:04 encountered good conditions since they are thermophilic 00:22:07:12 -00:22:09:19 and the temperature rates have risen over the past years 00:22:09:22 -00:22:12:21 This has altered the biodiversity status 00:22:13:11 -00:22:16:08 as well as the fish catching especially in inshore regions. 00:22:17:10 -00:22:20:08 This last decade, silver-cheeked toadfish have appeared in our area. 00:22:20:20 -00:22:25:20 In the past three years, this amount has skyrocketed up to a number of thousands. 00:22:26:24 -00:22:31:02 This phenomenon is damaging the existing fish populations. 00:22:31:03 -00:22:33:22 We are talking about a crisis which cannot be easily handled. 00:22:34:23 -00:22:39:00 These kind of fish appear when they have no competition. 00:22:39:04 -00:22:45:22 and thus can outplace the endemic kinds in their favor. 00:22:46:10 -00:22:48:18 So, they develop at the expense of other species. 00:23:03:03 -00:23:06:03 A major part of the problem is caused by scuba divers. 00:23:07:02 -00:23:10:05 Any graduate of a diving school can dive with a scuba tank 00:23:10:06 -00:23:12:06 to catch fish and sell it on the market. 00:23:12:24 -00:23:15:09 They have ruined the wider area. 00:23:16:19 -00:23:21:19 They usually dive 2 to 40 fathoms in depth. 00:23:22:18 -00:23:28:00 They can locate any fish in the area using the latest fishing gear 00:23:28:01 -00:23:30:18 and thus are able to dive and catch it instantly. 00:23:39:20 -00:23:41:21 Not now. Talk to you later. 00:23:46:20 -00:23:48:24 Can't you understand I'm hungry? 00:23:52:00 -00:23:57:15 When I can't find fish on the market I admit I resort to spearfishers' catch. 00:23:58:02 -00:24:03:24 Their catch consists of fish like groupers, dentexes and other. 00:24:04:17 -00:24:08:03 These are species of fish I would want in my tavern. 00:24:08:20 -00:24:14:00 You may rightly call this illegal but since there is no internal legal catch 00:24:14:01 -00:24:17:13 should I prefer fish imported from Spain and Senegal? 00:24:18:03 -00:24:24:20 The big fish, like dentexes and groupers which are savory and varied in recipes 00:24:24:21 -00:24:28:18 were a way to dinstict someone to a prestigious social status. 00:24:28:19 -00:24:32:17 Not everyone can afford to buy these fish as the are highly expensive. 00:24:32:18 -00:24:37:02 Their cost ranges from 60 to 80 euros per kilo at a tavern. 00:24:37:03 -00:24:39:20 So, very few people among us are able to buy them. 00:24:39:21 -00:24:42:20 This flaunt created various problems. 00:24:42:21 -00:24:46:06 But basically, the greek people have always been feeding on small fish. 00:24:46:07 -00:24:53:18 Fish like bogues, sardines, pikes and others were found ot the greek eating table. 00:25:13:11 -00:25:21:05 Fish and seafood in general, were basic in the mediteranean and the greek diet. 00:25:22:21 -00:25:30:03 There are archeological evidence of fish consumption around the mesolithic period. 00:25:31:19 -00:25:36:18 Generally in antiquity, fish was a cheap food 00:25:36:19 -00:25:45:13 exept from their processed form in fish bi-products and sauces 00:25:45:14 -00:25:51:03 who's cost could also rise highly according to the species and the quality. 00:25:51:14 -00:26:01:09 In Roman writings we find mentions of some extremely high prices for mullet fish. 00:26:04:11 -00:26:09:10 A Roman, once, openly critisized the roman society, exclaiming that 00:26:09:15 -00:26:16:09 there is something wrong with a society when a mullet fish has the same price as a bull. 00:26:18:20 -00:26:24:01 This means that some fish could reach very high prices. 00:26:24:02 -00:26:31:24 Surely this was enjoyable from the fishers' part but it was also exceptional to happen. 00:26:36:15 -00:26:42:15 The fish is a product that we could and should enjoy as much as we want. 00:26:44:07 -00:26:47:19 Should we be careful today, we shall be well tomorrow. 00:26:47:20 -00:26:59:23 If we don't protect the future of nutrition for the next generations, we will face great problems. 00:27:11:13 -00:27:16:06 Today, we give you facts! Valid and well founded facts. 00:27:19:10 -00:27:24:00 Once, with nets of 1.5 km length we would catch 50 kilos of hake. 00:27:24:01 -00:27:29:20 Now we use 6 km of net to catch a kilo per km. 00:27:31:22 -00:27:35:13 In a few words, you have to use nets of 2000 fathoms depth 00:27:35:14 -00:27:37:19 in order to catch 5 to 10 kg of fish, or even none. 00:27:37:20 -00:27:40:07 If you consider that 2,000 fathoms are equal to 3,600 meters 00:27:41:16 -00:27:46:00 it is very easy to predict where this is heading to 00:27:46:19 -00:27:48:18 The daily pay is very hard to earn 00:27:48:21 -00:27:51:19 and especially in the area of Merabelou gulf, which I exploit 00:27:52:13 -00:27:55:20 because of the wide overfishing and the misuse of the fishing gear. 00:27:56:23 -00:28:02:21 If we abide by the law, I think there will be no problem. 00:28:03:12 -00:28:08:00 But this is not the case with the offshore fishing boats 00:28:09:15 -00:28:10:16 the large ones 00:28:17:10 -00:28:18:22 which operate illegally 00:28:21:08 -00:28:22:01 sometimes 00:28:25:05 -00:28:28:04 damaging the inshore fishery 00:28:39:24 -00:28:42:12 What is a professional? Who's considered to be a professional? 00:28:42:19 -00:28:45:08 As far as I know, a professional owns a store or something. 00:28:45:08 -00:28:49:23 What do they think they're doing? Do they own the sea? 00:28:50:21 -00:28:53:23 Do they think they can sow the sea, as if it was a piece of land? 00:28:57:02 -00:29:02:10 On the other hand, I can understand that without industrial fishery 00:29:02:11 -00:29:08:00 the price rate of fish would be extremely high. 00:29:08:01 -00:29:12:10 Nonetheless, I think there should be some control on the so called "professional fishermen". 00:29:15:15 -00:29:20:10 According to rough estimations, at least 1.5 million people per year 00:29:20:11 -00:29:24:16 fish as amateurs, from a harbor or a coast. 00:29:25:07 -00:29:27:19 ven you might have done it, for your own amusement. 00:29:28:06 -00:29:31:09 You would catch 2 or 3 small seabreams 00:29:31:10 -00:29:34:21 only to let them dry under the sun or feed them to cats. 00:29:35:11 -00:29:36:24 These fish are too small to be eaten. 00:29:37:15 -00:29:39:13 They hardly reach 100 grams. 00:29:40:08 -00:29:42:18 And if we make a remark on them they put the blame on us 00:29:42:19 -00:29:46:14 claiming that their 100gr of catch is not the problem but we are. 00:29:47:12 -00:29:51:08 But 100 gr for 1.5 million people equals to 1,500 tons a day. 00:29:55:03 -00:30:02:05 Offshore fishery puts the blame on amateurs for the fish depletion. 00:30:02:06 -00:30:07:00 Yet they are the ones that catch fish 5 times smaller than what we are prohibited from 00:30:07:01 -00:30:10:10 and don't mind killing it and throwing it back in the sea. 00:30:10:11 -00:30:12:17 But there will be no charges on them. 00:30:13:22 -00:30:15:23 And if you consider the size of fish that is sold on the market 00:30:15:24 -00:30:18:02 it is beyond compare, beneath the limit. 00:30:22:02 -00:30:25:24 Inshore fishery uses specific nets to catch lobsters. 00:30:26:19 -00:30:32:16 These nets can cause a massive damage on Rhodophytes populations. 00:30:35:12 -00:30:38:13 A trawler's day of work at the Toroneus Gulf 00:30:38:14 -00:30:41:04 is enough to cause significant damage for a whole year. 00:30:43:10 -00:30:46:08 It's a mass slaughter. 00:30:52:15 -00:30:57:09 The trawler's fishnets move so close to the surface that barely touch the bottom 00:30:57:23 -00:31:03:20 and smoothly cross over the Posidionia fields. 00:31:04:06 -00:31:07:13 My personal opinion is that we couldn't possibly cause the damage we are accused of. 00:31:13:11 -00:31:15:05 The blame is split; it doesn't lie on one side. 00:31:15:24 -00:31:19:14 Firstly, it's the fishermen who do the actual fishing. 00:31:19:18 -00:31:25:13 But it's the State who is mostly responsible for the fish stock status. 00:31:26:03 -00:31:32:05 So it's the State's duty to ensure, relying on scientific data 00:31:32:12 -00:31:35:06 the ongoing existence of fish, along with the existence of a plan 00:31:35:07 -00:31:38:20 for the management of the fleets and the stocks 00:31:39:06 -00:31:41:15 provided the enforcement of the legislations. 00:33:30:12 -00:33:33:05 The catastrophe has already happened. 00:33:33:06 -00:33:35:05 It is in the past, it's not in the future. 00:33:38:18 -00:33:41:24 There have been sings of overfishing during the past 100 years 00:33:41:25 -00:33:45:13 but during the last 20 or 30 years 00:33:47:12 -00:33:49:20 the situation has deteriorated. 00:33:52:12 -00:33:57:17 Already 2,000 years ago in the Mediterranean there was a problem with overfishing. 00:33:59:16 -00:34:00:23 And yet they claim there's plenty of fish. 00:34:02:02 -00:34:03:06 How can they say that? 00:34:05:18 -00:34:09:04 I would say this is selfish and greedy. 00:34:10:02 -00:34:12:03 Their priority is to fish all they can today 00:34:13:02 -00:34:14:22 not caring what will be left to fish tomorrow. 00:34:16:00 -00:34:23:05 The biggest threat for fishes is really that we are taking more out than is regrowing. 00:34:24:14 -00:34:28:13 So the word is overfishing. Overfishing is really the problem that we have here. 00:34:36:14 -00:34:41:13 The sea will have fish only if we are careful, otherwise there will be nothing. 00:34:43:05 -00:34:47:11 Yet, they all care about themselves so there will be nothing left. 00:35:02:14 -00:35:08:03 Whoever expects to make millions out of the sea, should know it will never happen. 00:35:09:09 -00:35:13:24 Perhaps only a daily wage, if you are careful and respectful enough. 00:35:14:03 -00:35:16:04 But the million is out of question. 00:35:27:20 -00:35:29:17 The sea requires special handling. 00:35:30:15 -00:35:36:06 We can no longer fish relentlessly. 00:35:37:09 -00:35:39:01 We need to fish in moderation. 00:35:39:15 -00:35:42:17 We can still make a daily wage but with moderation. 00:35:44:22 -00:35:49:04 That is the only way we can pass it on to our children. 00:35:50:11 -00:35:52:05 The sea will be a viewing pleasure only. 00:35:52:13 -00:35:53:17 As a decorative. 00:36:12:05 -00:36:15:22 We cannot blame the fisheremen entirely, the climate change is also a factor. 00:36:15:23 -00:36:19:23 There are many factors to put the blame on but it is what it is. 00:36:43:18 -00:36:52:07 Historical and contemporary data show that there are tendencies of deplation 00:36:52:08 -00:36:58:20 and as a result, many species become endangered or even approach exctinction. 00:37:14:12 -00:37:19:00 Ancient Greeks and Romans or any ancient mediterranean civilization 00:37:19:01 -00:37:26:20 never encountered any problem caused by the continuous exploitation of the sea's resources. 00:37:31:12 -00:37:33:17 What is presently known about the area of the Mediterranean 00:37:35:12 -00:37:38:16 based on data provided by the EU 00:37:38:23 -00:37:46:06 is that 93% of the assessed stocks of fish populations in the Mediterranean 00:37:48:03 -00:37:50:18 is being overfished or under threat. 00:37:56:16 -00:38:01:10 Overfishing is caused by numerous factors. 00:38:01:16 -00:38:04:08 One of them is the intensity of the fishing taking place 00:38:04:09 -00:38:10:01 since it exceeds the tolerance of the ecosystems. 00:38:10:20 -00:38:13:12 Another factor is the technological advancement 00:38:13:13 -00:38:20:23 in fishing gear and other equipment that allow us to be more efficient. 00:38:21:15 -00:38:23:05 Globalization is another factor 00:38:24:03 -00:38:31:20 if you consider that a fish trawled in Greece could be consumed in Japan. 00:38:33:03 -00:38:41:04 Of course the most important factor is the fact that fishing is an open occupation 00:38:51:17 -00:38:58:23 In some big ancient cities like Athens and Korinthos, during their most prosperous periods and therefore, dependent upon the fishermen's ethics. 00:38:59:18 -00:39:07:00 fishmarkets existed according to evidence, included in some comedies written by Aristophanes. 00:39:07:23 -00:39:12:00 He gives information about the procedures taking place. 00:39:12:15 -00:39:19:12 Imagine the boats setting sail from Saronikos Gulf and sailing back at sunrise 00:39:19:13 -00:39:24:13 at which point the merchandise would be transferred to Pireaus 00:39:25:21 -00:39:30:17 and through the Long Walls, it would end up in Athens' markets. 00:39:33:16 -00:39:38:15 The sequence of responsibilities of each group can be seen as the links in a chain. 00:39:39:05 -00:39:43:22 Firstly, somebody catches the fish, then somebody supervises the trade 00:39:43:23 -00:39:46:20 while it passes through the middleman, until it eventually reaches the consumer. 00:39:49:09 -00:39:57:11 We conducted a research, 3 years ago analyzing 4000 recipes of fish 00:39:57:24 -00:40:02:15 and we found that the more vulnerable a species is 00:40:02:16 -00:40:05:18 the more recipes we found using that fish. 00:40:06:12 -00:40:11:11 I believe that the results of this research are quite accurate. 00:40:11:12 -00:40:17:10 For instance, when a fisherman in Kalamata would go after juvenile surmullets 00:40:17:20 -00:40:23:09 there was nobody to teach him the chain of growth of the particular fish. 00:40:23:20 -00:40:28:16 This vulnerable species of fish was Kalamata's traditional recipe 00:40:28:17 -00:40:31:10 made exclusively with the fingerlings. 00:40:31:17 -00:40:35:18 For instance, many summers we used to throw fishnets randomly 00:40:35:19 -00:40:38:22 and the catch would also include immature fish. 00:40:39:10 -00:40:44:00 Thus it is evident that the most preferred species are the vulnerable ones. 00:41:16:24 -00:41:20:09 You have no fish now, compared with before 00:41:20:13 -00:41:22:10 You don't understand 00:41:22:11 -00:41:27:23 the point is that you're trying to save what you have now 00:41:28:13 -00:41:31:08 is already a losing proposition 00:41:31:09 -00:41:36:08 because the struggle would be to re-establish what was there before. 00:41:48:24 -00:41:55:15 An intense biomass removal affects all the layers that construct an ecostystem. 00:41:58:14 -00:42:03:01 If you fish away the predators you destabilize the ecosystem. 00:42:03:02 -00:42:07:21 If you also fish away the ones that feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton 00:42:07:22 -00:42:10:07 you even more destabilize the ecosystem. 00:42:10:08 -00:42:12:18 What you will get is jellyfish 00:42:12:24 -00:42:18:17 But another danger is that you get blooms, algae blooms that are not eaten up by anybody 00:42:18:18 -00:42:21:15 and they sink to the bottom and they rot 00:42:21:16 -00:42:25:10 and they consume the oxygen and then you get oxygen depletion source. 00:42:26:06 -00:42:31:20 We have destabilized the ecosystem by fishing away the big fish. 00:42:31:21 -00:42:38:02 Thus, we become witnesses of a transition from oceans of fish to oceans of jellyfish. 00:42:38:15 -00:42:44:13 As Ferdinando Boero has said, who is the expert of jellyfish studies in the Mediterranean 00:42:44:14 -00:42:56:08 if we could go back at Aristotles' times and dive in the Mediterranean 00:42:56:09 -00:43:02:08 we would face an image completely different that the one we face today. 00:43:04:20 -00:43:09:19 Broad red-coral forrests, especially in the west Mediterranean. 00:43:10:10 -00:43:15:21 Enormous populations of black, jet-black, sponges in the Aegean sea and the coasts of Africa. 00:43:16:15 -00:43:23:23 And throughout the Mediterranean, big packs of seals basking freely 00:43:23:24 -00:43:27:13 without any fear on the shores of Mediterranean instead of the islets 00:43:27:14 -00:43:31:04 in which they hide today, due to the hazards they face 00:43:31:22 -00:43:37:10 This means that we have already become witnesses of a great exctinction. 00:43:42:06 -00:43:48:17 There are estimations about the Mediterranean, some even concluded by Greek scientists 00:43:48:18 -00:43:53:12 which show that the stocks' rate is quite problematic 00:43:53:13 -00:43:58:04 and this predicament requires immediate and effecient handling. 00:43:58:12 -00:44:02:00 Roughly 80 to 90 percent are subject to ongoing overfishing. 00:44:02:01 -00:44:07:01 They are overfished and more than 90 percent are much too small. 00:44:07:02 -00:44:13:02 I mean they have 30 or 20 percent of the size the population would have without fishing. 00:44:20:14 -00:44:24:09 Fifty years ago, a fish of the genus Gadus, or "cod" as it is widely called 00:44:24:10 -00:44:27:11 a fish from the genus Gadus, or a cod as it is commonly mentioned 00:44:27:12 -00:44:30:13 could feed a family of four, or even five people. 00:44:30:14 -00:44:35:07 Today it can barely feed one person. 00:44:36:02 -00:44:41:04 There is an ongoing removal of large individuals 00:44:41:05 -00:44:43:12 both intraspecially and interspecially 00:44:43:13 -00:44:49:14 which means that we fish more cod than smaller species 00:44:49:15 -00:44:53:18 and that we also prefer larger cods than smaller ones. 00:44:54:19 -00:45:01:20 This phenomemon is called "fishing down" and creates immature ecosystems. 00:45:02:21 -00:45:08:09 Fishing down is the natural response of the fishery 00:45:08:20 -00:45:13:04 faced with the decline, the rapid decline of large animals. 00:45:13:15 -00:45:19:20 ิhe fishing is continuous and it continues on the species that are left 00:45:19:21 -00:45:21:22 which are mainly small. 00:45:21:23 -00:45:28:20 and so, the progression is almost inevitable toward smaller fish. 00:45:29:06 -00:45:33:05 This can be masked, can be covered up 00:45:33:06 -00:45:37:15 because if the boats operate in-shore 00:45:37:16 -00:45:39:18 and they fish down all the big fish 00:45:39:19 -00:45:43:19 they will move off-shore where they can get much big fish. 00:45:43:20 -00:45:48:19 but to say that this contradicts fishing down 00:45:48:20 -00:45:54:22 is like saying a farmer increased the productivity of the field 00:45:54:23 -00:45:59:05 while in fact it's the size of the farm that does increase. 00:45:59:06 -00:46:03:00 The productivity of the field may be declining further 00:46:03:01 -00:46:06:21 but the production has increased because the farm has become bigger. 00:47:05:03 -00:47:10:05 The sea can be compared to a broad landfield 00:47:11:03 -00:47:12:15 that no one ever sowed 00:47:13:24 -00:47:16:00 yet everyone seeks to harvest.